Die and die mechanism.



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Patented Apr. 20, 1909.

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' UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

FRANCIS H. RICHARDS, OF HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT, ASSIGNOR, BY MESNE ASSIGNMENTS, 'lO AMERICAN TYPOGRAPHIC CORPORATION, A CORPORATION OF NEW JERSEY.

DIE AND DIE IVIECHANISM.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented April 20, 1909.

Application filed April 16, 1901, Serial No. 56,166. Renewed August 13, 1908. Serial No. 448,376.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, FRANCIS I-I. RICHARDS, a citizen of the United States, residing at I-Iartford, in the county of Hartford and State of Connecticut, have invented certain new anduseful Improvements in Dies and Die Mechanism, ofwhich the following is a specification.

This invention relates to means for making wrought types and for making typebars embodying a series of such types, and it pertains particularly to an organization of dies and die surfaces and operative mechanism adapted to form wrought types of superior quality under various conditions obtaining in the typographic art.

Owing to the fact that many of the charac ters produced by types used in the typographic art are not symmetrically disposed with respect to a common axis transverse to the line of height of the characters, and de termined in position, for example, by the transverse axis of symmetry of a symmetrical character, such as the 0, there is a tendency during the action of the type-forming die, in the manufacture of wrought types, and especially when the type which it is to make is located nearer one edge of the blank than the other, for the material under the die and adjacent to the former edge to flow out from under the die rapidly and in quantity, resulting in a type poorly-formed at this portion, or at least lacking in sharpness and definition. The nearer the type in process of formation is to the edge of the blank, the less is the support afforded by the stock of the blank to the material being wrought into shape by the type-forming die, and in the measure that this support is absent, the less is the resistance to flowage exerted by the metal. While a type, therefore, located in such a position on the edge of the typebar-blank that ample and substantially uniform support is provided on both sides of the type toward the sides of the blank, may be well formed; on the other hand, a type which is necessarily located nearer one edge of the blank is not in such a position as to be wrought into shape to the best advantage by the die.

In order to permit satisfactory types to be made with equal facility irrespective of the particular location of the type, whether it be symmetrical and located centrally with respect to the blank or whether it be situated more to one side of the center line of the blank than the other, I provide a die con struction" which compensates for or counteracts the tendency to unequal freedom in the flowage of the material under the die, whereby when operated from suitable mechanism the tendency to flowage at each side of the die is substantially equalized. These results are attained according to the present invention by the proper inclination of the end wall of the die cavity with respect to its relative distance from the median typographic line or zone maintaining throughout the series or font of dies. Each character in a font of type has its determinate relative position up or down with respect to a median line or zone universal to said font, well recognized by the compositor when looking at the distributed type and also amply apparent to the reader of the printed page. When a letter is misplaced in the printed line it may frequently enhance the symmetrical appearance of the word in which it occurs, but nevertheleSs it is wrong typographically. And to one familiar with the use of type forming dies or matrices this universal median line will be apparent, as will also be the relative distance of each wall or face from said line. And such relative distance determines at what angle the wall or face will be inclined since the greater the distance a wall is from the universal median line the nearer it will be to the edge of a type-bar blank when in use. And the inclination will be varied to an equal extent for diminishing the otherwise too great freedom of the material in the blank to flow out from under and empty the cavity of the die.

In the drawings accompanying the present specification, Figure 1 is an end elevation of an organization of mechanical elements adapted for operating a die and blank with relation to each other for carrying out my present invenvention. Fig. 2 is a side elevation. of the mechanism,part being in section. Fig. 3 is a top view thereof. Fig. 4 is aperspective View of a blank-holder and blank-holder frame upon a somewhat enlarged scale. Fig. 5 is partly a sectional and partly a plan view of a certain feeding device embodied in the machine for effecting a longitudinal no ovement of the blank for the purpose of bringing consecutive portions of the edge thereof under the type-making dies. Fig. 6 is a plan view of a portion of a typebar provided with a number of types, these particular types bein chosen for the purpose of illustration and bein 1'81- resentative of those conditions obtai the typographic art to which the present in.-

vention is especially directed, to wit, the fact ti at While some types may be located. centrally Wl'tll respect to the Width of the typebar and typebar-hlaul r, other types are located near one ed 'e, While still other t' s e r, are located nearer the opp i sate edge; the

scale of this figure is very much enlarged over the actual dimensions of types and typebars es such are usually made the art. Fig. 7 is an. elevational view of the types shown 'ig. Figs. 8, 9, and ll) are cross sectional views of the typeoa" showi in 6, the section oi each figure being upon a plane e'ste ding transverse to the bml' and locate" adgceut to each type in succ sion from left to right in Fig. 6 end looki; k in the same direction. l igrs. l1, l2, and 13 are sec tional vie, s drawi'i to the SQZMO scale as Fi es. 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, inclusive, representing; dies having faces orgenized according to one leature of the present invention for melting the respective types set forth in Fig. 6. Figs. 1d,. 15, and 16 are bottoui views of the dies re resented in Figs ll, l. 131d 13, respectivel a n V Figs. 17, 18, rod 19 are views mostly tioa representing the action of the respective dies set forth in Figs 12:, 15, and if}, each figure exhibit re the (he in. Wei-Kin position in lull lines and at a stage n: tl

forming; oporetion near the clos ta'in other posi ions of the die being sho n dotted outlin more particularly, of

tive subsidi ry members dur: is

PJOVP m Similar characl r correspondin parts in all figures.

In carrying ou my present iim irovenients, the type, it may stated in a general wry, results from the operation of a type-lo an die, desig" ted l2 r reference by l), upon a blank forced one aga'ast the other to cause the die.

metal of prope requisite or an are concernel in tion of the sev i. type-blocks, is

to the 'ryiii. out of the present lnents. liloreover. th 1 blank upon. types are to be formed may be a continuous ribbon or rod, or it may be in the form of a separate piece having a len 'th subst equal to the length ol' the 'l'uusl ed type:

The various characters of typographic composition are dillcxently disposed with re to parallel bounda lines which in clude between them the eharaetcrs of a line of ooinpositi hat is, sonu of the characters are centr lisposed with respect to the space between the boundary W 1 other characters extend nearer to one line than they do to the other. Assuming these boundary lines to represent the edges of a typebar-blanlr, it is evi lent, therefore, that some of the in the corresponding tvpcbar are located nearer one side of the bar than the ther, or at least have that portion )f their I adiacent to one side of the l 1 at a less e l fr ini th side of th than the a: nt-e bets ten the other s i and the contiguous )ortien of the type body. The result of this nod-uniform relathin of any particular type body to the sides of the rsultant bar gives *ise to a tenden i. part of the material under t1 1 Working; diev dining-. the penetration of the blank by the latte to flow outward with greate facility in loealities adjacent to the n arer than in a ide region ad; rent to the opposite side where 'v on t e such material is supported by a greater amount of stoelr. the (he on s the 11, --!1@, m 1,: 2 11+ oann anu a nowa ie it me on or the typeiereoi the moving material ca "ries \v ortiou of the in Within the cavi y Ll die, t -iding to empty with more or less rapidity that particularlocality therein which is adjacent to the nearer side of the hlank. l have iound that this tendency i eliminated or nullified by making the side of the die that is, that pal-titular Wall of the die adiarent to the side of the blanl -inore nearly parallel to the side of the blank with a consnuent redueti on in the dis- J of the die formative tanee across the outer pi-r ion space in proportion as the die is lo ated the side ace of the blank during the type-forming operation. This making of the side of thedie more nearly parallel to the face ot the blank has the etleet of restraining; metal in he die and iiliminishing the freedom of ilovvage t :relroin, thus, in a measure, re-

l dufing the otherwise excessive tendency of l in below the die al in re flowage strea the from dragging metal Withi Wardly and outwardly and er 1 the die-space of some of the me forced upward into this sp found, further, that by making more nearly parallel to the side in pro ortion the type or ini extends more nearly to the ext the blank, the movement of 1 part of the metal are regulater' r trolled with the eli ect o1 materially nroruoting the BfllClGIlCY of the die action and in- Eli) lot)

creasing the perfection of the product with a given amount of die action on the blank. Thus, taking the l, o, and y as typical of these various positional conditions eX- isting in the typogra hic art, the l, as shown in Fig. 6 particu arly, is located nearer to one extreme edge of the typebar-blank, the y nearer the opposite edge, and the o is centrally located.

The tendency of the surplus material under the respective dies during the action of each in forming the corres onding type is to flow toward the side of t e typebar-blank and remove a portion from the mass within the die necessary to form and build up the complete type-block. This tendency I diminish or suppress altogether by making that Wall of the die which serves to form the surface of the type-block, lying nearest the side of the blank, more nearly parallel to the vertical axis of the die, see particularly the wall 2 in Fig. 11, which figure represents a die embodying my present invention and ada ted for forming the l as compared with t 1e wall 3, which is adapted for forming the sur face of the type-block at the opposite side of the latter, the corresponding faces of the finished type-block beingdesignated by 2 and 3, respectively. In the organization of a die for the formation of the y the relatively different angles formed by the wall 4 of the die and the wall 5 with the axis of the die is shown in Fig. 13, the corresponding faces of the finished type-block being designated by 4 and 5, respectively. As regards the "0, it is evident from an examination of Fig. 6 that in this particular style of type and ty pe bar, this type is centrally located on the edge of the bar, and hence the inclination of the walls 6 and 7 of the die (see Fig. 12) may be the same with respect to the axis of the die, the corresponding faces of the type-block being designated by 6 and 7, respectively.

in effecting the penetration of the material of the blank by the die it is immaterial whether the movement, which I may designate as a transverse feeding movement, is imparted to the blank or die or to both, but I find it convenient to feed the blank against the die. This rectilinear movement of the die and blank toward and against each other is not the only movement utilized in carrying out my present improvements for facilitating the filling of the die cavity, for removing the excess or surplus material separated or sheared from the. type-block during the type-making operation and for producing a compact and dense condition of the various surfaces, but in combination with this movement there is a relative subsidiary motion imparted to the members, whieh'combined motion operates to produce a type gradually and by a series of reductions and to accomplish coincident working out of the excess material. This subsidiary movement operates in conjunction with the aforesaid feeding movement to force excess material away from an adjacent type during the making of a typebar-that is, crosswise or laterally of the blankand for further protecting this already-formed type I preferably use a wall or plate adapted to enter into the comparatively narrow space between the finished type and the material under the working die where it is located during the type forming operation, serving as a retaining surface against which the moving material or flowage is received and by which it is directed. Such Wall. it is evident, so far as the purposes it fulfils are concerned, may be separate from the die and operated independently thereof, but I find it convenient to attach it to the die and operate the two as a unit. The foregoing subsidiary movement operating to gradually form a type and work excess material outward transversely or crosswise of the blank preferably reverses in direction alternately for the reason that such alternating motion is conveniently attained and is best adapted to produce a uni form type. In other words, a relative os cillatory movement is imparted to the members (the blank and the die) during the period of type-forming, and for the production of this relative motion I find it convenient, in the organization of mechanical elements chosen for the purpose of illustrating an embodiment of combinational meansfor'coiiperating with the present die construction, to oscillate the die by imparting such motion to a suitable die-carrier.

The wall previously mentioned and which may be provided for the purpose of protecting an adjacent type, also insures the ordinary type-separating space, and is located at the rear side of the type-forming die and is designated herein by 8. At the opposite side of each die there is shown a spaceforming die or plate'9 whose width is considerably greater than the corresponding dimension of the retaining wall 8, and which serves during the operation of the die on the blank to form a space in advance of the type considerably wider than this space will eventually .be when the next type is formed. The purpose of this temporarily enlarged space is to make for the type-block next to be made a surface or path of least resistance along which the type-formative stresses of the type-forming die may induce a flowage in preference to creating detrimental deforming strains. Such a method of type-forming is illustrated and thus briefly described in conjunction with the present invention as one manner of carrying the latter into practice, although the particular method involving the making of such surface of least resistance in itself forms no particular feature of the present improve ments, the same being more fully described in a pending application, Serial No. 57,934,

s nn-cnts tinted em iodiment. :1. suitable si pporting' ire. .nework ior supporting-1' the ya-irions opera.- tive ports end minor frame elements is show and designated in or enin'ol y by (1, comprising" :1 suitable bod-i I supported upon legs (3. The s/veral r for producing; the vorious types used in conmos'tion may be adjusted and brought into proper relation to the blank B by hmd or by mechanism or by any other means opor ted or operating to attsin the desired sequel. The dies, as on instance of o device for their ionvenient manip- I ulatir msy be mountoo ii of n o. errier, shown in th or disk I H s arted t is me l 10, journzied in on from the bed-piste c,-:1 const Ui'iei, and ience s die will permit the diethereon, to he oseil to mid lro while the the typeextending: notion which latter is in. contort with the edtre o bar-blank For supporting this b 2k during the notion of tho dlo tner; 1 mined snitnble holder, d .i :1 general d my herein by hm bi:inlvsnpporting sh 72, and to do blank therein to be presse. upward on inst n die on e rierthehold mr be ink-ruined, as shown, by means of arms 12, to uprai' 's 'i 51, ii, of the bedpiste c. The ootursto ie holder and its blons upward the (.l1G-('Lli1ll' 14 see'n'ed U) hearings exnnst which consists in this it shaft 15, ionr tending from cams beer or secured to a i'or me'nt wing the com-rollers. improvements the holder to press the against the dies insticolly, but in :1. means for oi rotary movement of the com-shalt it orm-wheel device consisting of "(I worm wheel 16 attached to the cam-shalt and meshing with s norm i6, se-

cured to a driving-shaft 16, journaled in suitable bearings and provided with s means for actuating it.v this m eons being here shown a crank-handle 17. The osms 14, 14 are of proper construction and form to secure a range ol movement necessary to press o die and the blank together to s sutlicient extent to form n typ and each 02m may be provided with a recessed portion 14" which when the corresponding cam-roller lies therein will insure s oepression oi the blank-holder a-de quote to cause the contained blank or type bar to elem." the dies on the die-carrier.

it is evident from what has already been ted that the die-carrier is rotsrily adjustvring; the desired die to its working i l to ensble this ni'l ustment in the present organization of parts to be attained with iacihty the shalt ot the die-corner." 1s proynied with on adjusting: wheel 18 and an index 18 provided with characters designoted. in. a general it by 18, corresponding to the dies upon the carrier and in such positions ti st in cooperation with. a pointer 19 any desired die on the carrier m 21y be brought into proper relrtion with the edge of the blank.

it has i -early been stated that during the type-m slung operation, in which. the die advances into the bhmk, on osoillstory motion is impel-tad to the die, to and fro, extending, it should be said, through comparatively small angle. For the at tlnment oi this oscillatory motion and as the present mechanism is organized, the shaft of the dieosrrier is provided with o.v l 20, which engages during; the type-nirikiny operation with a rack 21, causing as a result of this construction, when the swing frame supporting the die-carrier is oscillated, o to and fro rolling moyemr of the die in cont-not with the blank. lhis rack is here adapted to swing back out of engagem nt with the gem-wheel 20, when it is neeess if to manual y rotate the die-wheel and i e die into position, by providing i i t 21 the lower end. of the i latter may s= vided with position. normally press the rock into a position in which its teeth engage with. the gear-wheel. This normal position is determined by s stop 23" extei .lin l'rom the rack frame in the form of nn arm or d contacting with a suitable projection L rovided on the bed-plate.

A spring 23 Snne appropriate device for oscillating the die is utilized, th t herein shown being an instance hereof and consisting of on eccentric 2st secured. to the driving-shaft 16 and operating through a link 25 connected at its upper end to an arm 26 extending from the die-cnrrier frame.

1 have also shown a means for feeding the 1 blank longitudinally to bring successive portions tothe type-making point, which consists of a screw 27 whose thread engages with suitable notches formed in the side face of the blank. hen rotated by means of a finger-wheel 28 attached to the shaft 29 of the screw'the latter causes the blank to be fed forward lengthwise of its supporting slot. The direction, rapidity, and extent of these type-forming movements-that is, the transverse feeding movement and the oscillatory movementand the relation of these various factors to each other, as well as the relation of the two specified movements one to the other, may be varied in any desired manner. The duration of the oscillatory movement may be embraced, for instance, within the limits of the period in which the members are fed toward and against each other, but preferably the oscillation will commence after the type has been partially formed and cease just before the feeding movement terminates. Furthermore, both movements may be uniform throughout their whole duration or either may be varied or they may both be varied. With respect to an appro riate interrelation, I have found good resu ts to follow from a gradual reduction in the speed of the transverse feeding movement during the later portion of such movement accompanied by a concurrent oscillatory motion decreasing in amplitude or extent of oscillation during the later stages of the feeding movement, ceasing altogether just prior to the termination of the latter.

The action to which the material under the die, considered in its entirety, is subjected as a result of the oscillatory movement herein described when the blank is under the compression of the die may be described as a rolling action. As the die advances into the material of the blank and the die is oscillated from side to side, more and more of the material is forced into the die cavity and subjected to the forging and swaging action of the walls and faces of such cavity. More and more of the material necessary to build op and form the type-block as the edges at the outer portion of the die alternately bite afresh into the blank is forced or squeezed upward into the die, and under the impact and pressure of the interior faces of the die as the relative inclination of these faces to the surfaces of the mass changes, by reason of the oscillatory movement the material is forged and wrought to form, while the faces at the bottom of the die cavity serve to swage the upper portion of the type-block to shape.

When the type-block is not located centrally, transversely of the edge of the blank, that wall of the die situated nearest to the extreme edges of the blank being more nearly parallel to the side face of the blank that is, extending more in the direction of die movementas compared with the opposite wall, opposes thus a less resistance on that side to the penetration of the blank, the effect of which is to more or less effectually confine the force urging the material downward to the outside of the die and to lessen the pressure or thrust on the mass within. T he stresses therefore tending to induce flowage are greatest at the outside of the die and. the tendency to flowage and the forces giving rise thereto in the mass v-iithin the die cavity is reduced in proportion as the wall of the cavity is made more nearly to coincide with the direction in which the die moves. Thus, within limits, there exists, according to my present invention, an organization of diewalls or surfaces and actuating mechanism which permits the die to be operated with substantially uniform results at any portion of the edge of the blank with references to the position of the die transverse of the blank edge. That is to say, by adapting the relation of the side wall of the die to the particular position transverse of the blank assumed by the die when working, the facility with which the material flows downward under the action of the advancing and oscillating die is substantially equalized for the two sides of the die whether the edges of the blank be located at the same distance from those walls or whether they are located at unequal distances therefrom.

The action to which the material is subjected is one effecting a gradual reduction thereof, operating to compact the material of the type block and render the surfaces smooth and unbroken and to connect them one with the other in a manner precisely conforming with the boundary edges or lines of intersection between the planes of the corresponding faces of the die. Moreover, the forging operation results in the strengthening of the integral connection of the block with the stock of the blank. During the oscillatory movement, also, first on one side and then on the other, an outlet is created by reason of the slight separation. of the material from the faces of the die through. which air confined in the latter may escape and oil, grease and other foreign matter be squeezed outward, assisting thus in the production of an exact counterpart of the type-forming c 1e.

I find it convenient to remove those portions of the edge of the blank lying at the sides of the forming type-block concurrently with the formation of the type-block, and I utilize for this purpose the described oscillatory motion to gradually work such material outward laterally of the blank. The crosswise movement of this material is effectively accomplished by presenting to the material at such points where movement or flow is required, a relatively fixed surface or surfaces, which, as a result of the oscillatory and transverse feeding motions, works the material under it outwardly by pressing on the same. Such surfaces, it is manifest, may be independent of the die, but for the sake of convenience they may be connected therewith and may, in fact, form surfaces of inte ral extensions of the die body. They are here so represented, (see particularly 4- and t) the lower edge of the retaining wall already mentioned as serving to confine the material endwise of the blank, being also utilized for displacing to some extent the material between the finished type at the rear and the type-block under process of formation, while the spaceforming die 9 at the other side of the die operates in a similar manner to form a space in the ed e of the blank.

somewhat as represented by the pins r in the figures. The material lorced beyond the planes of the sides of the typebar-blank by the operation of the dies may be trimmed off and removed to bring; the sid of the bar into substantial parallelism by some su table means.

The spaces between the types of words and letters, whether such spaces be of uniform width or otherwise, may be produced in any appropriate manner, but preferably they will be formed by a suitable die or dies operating to remove portions of the edge of the blank sidewise of the latter and form spaces by a rolling action, already described Having described my invention, I c aini- 1. A die having the shape of the walls of its cavity varying with reference to the positions such walls will occupy relative to the universal medial typographic zone.

2. The combination with a series of selective dies, each ha ing a cavity the shape of the walls of which vary with reference to the positions such walls occupy relative to the universal medial typographic zone.

The combination with a series of selective dies, each having a cavity the snaps of the walls of which vary with reference to the positions such walls occupy relative to the universal medial typographic Zone, and means for bringing a selective die of the series and a blank into working relation.

4. A series of dies, the shape of the walls of the die cavities varying with reference to the positions of such walls relative to the universal normal typographic zone.

5. A series of selective dies each having the surfaces of its cavity differentially inclined dependent upon the relative i i of such die to the universal median line or the series.

6, The combination with a plurality of selective dies each having the wall or face which is farthest from the universal median line at a angle to the perpendicular than the inclination of a wall which is nearer such line.

7. A series of type formingdies having those walls or faces which are located farthest from a universal median line of less inclination than those walls or faces which are located nearer to such line.

8. The combination with a series of type forming dies, the inclination of the end walls or faces of the cavities of the dies being dependent upon the nearness of that wall or face/to a median line universal throughout the series of dies, of means for feeding a se lected die and a type-bar blank one against the other.

9. The combination with a series of type forming dies, the inclination of the end Walls or faces of the cavities of the dies being dependent upon the nearness of that wall or face to a median line universal throughout the series of dies, of means for feeding; a selected die and a type-bar blank one against the other and for imparting a relative subsidiary movement to these during the feeding movement.

1G. The combination with a series of ty e forming dies, the inclination of the end walls or faces of the cavities of the dies being dependent upon the nearness of that wall or "ace to a median line universal throughout the series of dies, of means for feeding a selected die and a typebar blank one against the other and for imparting; a relative oscillatory movement to these during; the feeding movement.

11. The combination with a series of type forming dies, the inclination of the end walls or faces of the cavities of the dies being dependent upon the nearness of that wall or face to a median line universal throughout the series of dies, of means for feeding a selected die and a typeba" blank one against the other an d for imparting a relative oscillatory movement to these during the feeding movement, such oscillatory movement being universal for all the dies.

12. The combination with a plurality of selective dies, iach having the wall or face which farthest from the universal median line at a less angle to the perpendicular than the inclination of a wall which is nearer such line, means for selectively bringing the dies into a common working position with the said universal median line of each of the several dies when so brought to position at the same place, a typebar blank holder and actuating means associated therewith constructed and adapted for presenting a typebar blank universal median type line .of the blank coindie at the working position.

13. The combination with a plurality of selective dies, each having the wall or face which is farthest from the universal median line at a less angle to the er endicular than the inclination of awall W '0 is nearer such line, means 101' selectively bringing the dies into a common working position with the said universal median line of each of the sevto the dies at the Working position with the 1 eral dies when so brought to position at the 1 same lace, and means for presenting a typeoidlng with the universal median line of the bar 1) ank to the die at the working position with the universal median type line of the blank coinciding with the universal median line of the die at the working position.

FRANCIS H. RICHARDS. Witnesses FRED. J. DOLE, C. E. Voss. 

